Urartu was an ancient kingdom of Armenia and North Mesopotamia which existed from c. BC, emerging from the Late Bronze Age until BC. The Kingdom of Urartu was located in the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, the Iranian Plateau, Mesopotamia, and the Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highland, and it centered on Die Assyrer (assyr. Assūrāju) waren ein Volk, das im Altertum im mittleren und nördlichen Mesopotamien (dem heutigen Irak und Teilen der Türkei) lebte. Sie sind seit dem 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. am mittleren Tigris archäologisch nachgewiesen. Mehrfach schwangen sich die Assyrer zur Vorherrschaft über Nordmesopotamien und Nordsyrien auf Die Kimmerer oder Kimmerier (altgriechisch Κιμμέριοι, Kimmérioi; assyrisch Gimir-ri/Gimir-rai, Singular Gimir, biblisch Gomer) waren ein indogermanisches Reitervolk der Antike, welches nach griechischen Autoren wie Herodot ursprünglich am Kimmerischen Bosporus (die heutige Straße von Kertsch zwischen der Krim und Südrussland) und im nördlichen Kaukasus ansässig war
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The short chronology is one of the chronologies of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Agewhich fixes the reign of Hammurabi to dissertation urartu BC and the sack of Babylon to BC. The absolute 2nd millennium BC dates resulting from these reference points have very little academic support, and have essentially been disproved by recent dendrochronology research.
For much of the period in question, middle chronology dissertation urartu can be calculated by adding 64 years to the corresponding short chronology date e. After the so-called "dark age" between the fall of Babylon and the rise of the Kassite dynasty in Babylonia, absolute dating becomes less uncertain. Estimation of absolute dates becomes possible for the second half of the 3rd millennium BC, dissertation urartu.
For the first half of the 3rd millennium, only very rough chronological matching of archaeological dates with written records is possible. The city-states of Ebla and Mari in modern Syria competed for power at this time. Eventually, under Irkab-Damu, Ebla defeated Mari for control of the region just in time to face the rise of Uruk and Akkad, dissertation urartu.
After years of back and forth, Ebla was destroyed by the Akkadian Empire. Pottery seals of dissertation urartu Egyptian pharaoh Pepi I have been found in the wreckage of the city, dissertation urartu. Lugal-zage-si of Umma rules from Uruk after defeating Lagasheventually falling to the emerging Akkadian Empire. Since Akkad or Agadethe capital of the Akkadian Empirehas not yet been found, available chronological data comes from outlying locations like EblaTell BrakNippurSusa and Tell Leilan.
Clearly, the expansion of Akkad came under the rules of Sargon and Naram-sin. Its last dissertation urartu, Shar-kali-sharri barely held the empire together, but upon his death, dissertation urartu, it fragmented. Finally, the city of Akkad itself was dissertation urartu by the Guti.
First appearing in the area during the reign of Dissertation urartu of Akkadthe Guti became a regional power after the decline of the Akkadian Empire following Shar-kali-sharri. The dynasty ends with the defeat of the last king, Tirigan, by Uruk.
Only a handful dissertation urartu the Guti kings are attested to by inscriptions, aside from the Sumerian king list. Following the collapse of the Akkadian Empire after Shar-kali-sharri of Akkad under pressure from the invading Gutians, Lagash gradually regained prominence. As a client state to the Gutian Kings, dissertation urartu, Lagash was extremely successful, peaking under the rule of Gudea.
After the last Gutian king, Tiriganwas defeated, by Utu-hengalLagash came under the control of Ur under Ur-Namma.
Uniting various Sumerian dissertation urartu, Utu-hengal frees the region from the Gutians. Note that the Sumerian king list records a preceding 4th Dynasty of Uruk which is as yet unattested. In an apparently peaceful transition, Ur came to power after the end of the reign of Utu-hengal of Urukwith the first king, Ur-Namma, dissertation urartu, solidifying his power with the defeat of Lagash.
By the dynasty's end with the destruction of Ur by Elamites and Shimashki, the dynasty included little more than the area around Ur. After Ishbi-Erra of Isin breaks away from the declining Third Dynasty of Ur under Ibbi-SuenDissertation urartu reaches its peak under Ishme-Dagan. Weakened by attacks from the upstart BabyloniansIsin eventually falls to its rival Larsa under Rim-Sin I. The chronology of the Kingdom of Larsa is based mainly on the Larsa King List Larsa Dynastic Listthe Larsa Date Lists, and a number of royal inscriptions and commercial records.
The Larsa King List was compiled in Babylon during the reign of Hammurabiconqueror of Larsa. It is suspected that the list elevated the first several Amorite Isinite governors of Larsa to kingship so as to legitimize the rule of the Amorite Babylonians over Larsa.
After a period of Babylonian occupation, Larsa briefly breaks free in a revolt ended by the death of the last king, Rim-Sin II. Following the fall of the Ur III Dynasty, dissertation urartu, the resultant power vacuum was contested by Isin and Larsawith Babylon and Assyria later joining the fray. In the second half of the reign of HammurabiBabylon became the preeminent power, a position it largely maintained until the sack by Mursili I in BC.
Note that there are no contemporary accounts of the sack of Babylon. It is inferred from much later documents. When the names of Sealand Dynasty kings were found on cuneiform records like the Babylonian Kings Lists, Chronicle 20, Chronicle of the Early Kings, and the Synchronistic King List, it was assumed that the dynasty slotted in between the First Dynasty of Babylon and the Kassites. Modern scholarship has made it clear that the Sealand Dynasty did in fact control Babylon and the remnants of its empire for a time after its sack by the Hittites in BC.
The absolute chronology of the Hittite Old Kingdom hinges entirely on the date of the sack of Babylon. In BC, for reasons that are still extremely unclear, Mursili I marched roughly miles from Aleppo to Dissertation urartu, sacked it, and then promptly returned home, never to return. Other than that event, all the available chronological synchronisms are local to dissertation urartu region in and near Anatolia. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna of the First Babylonian dynasty and after being defeated by Babylonmoved to control the city-state of Mari.
Some undetermined amount of time after the fall of Babylonthe Kassites established a new Babylonian dynasty. The Babylonian king list identifies 36 kings reigning years, however, only about 18 names are legible. A few more were identified by inscriptions. There is some confusion in the middle part of the dynasty because of conflicts between the Synchronistic Chronicle and Chronicle P. The later kings are well attested from kudurru steles. Relative dating is from sychronisms with EgyptAssyria and the Hittites, dissertation urartu.
The dynasty ends with the defeat of Enlil-nadin-ahi by Elam. Perhaps because the capital of Mitanni, Washukannihas not yet been found, there are no available king lists, year lists, dissertation urartu, or royal inscriptions.
Fortunately, a fair dissertation urartu of diplomatic, Hittiteand Assyrian sources dissertation urartu to firm up the chronology. Having become powerful under Shaushtatar, Mitanni eventually falls into the traditional trap of dynasties, the contest for succession. Tushratta and Artatama II both claim the kingship and the Hittites and Assyrians take advantage of the situation.
After that, Mitanni was no longer a factor in the region. Long a minor player, after the defeat of its neighbor Mitanni by the HittitesAssyria rises to the ranks of a dissertation urartu power under Ashur-uballit I.
The period is marked by conflict with rivals Babylon and the Hittites as well as diplomatic exchanges with Egyptin the Amarna letters. Note that after the excavation, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, of various Neo-Assyrian documents, such as the Assyrian king listscholars assumed that the chronological data for earlier Assyrian periods could dissertation urartu taken as accurate history.
That view has changed over the years and the early Assyrian chronology is being re-assessed. Since there is yet no consensus, the traditional order and regnal lengths will be followed. Beginning under his father, Suppiluliuma I brought the Hittites from obscurity into an empire that lasts for almost years. The Hittite New Kingdom reaches its height after the defeat of Mitannian event which ironically leads to the rise of Assyria, dissertation urartu.
The dynasty ends with the destruction of Hattusa by parties undetermined but which may have included the Sea People and the Kaskians. A client state of Mitanni and later the HittitesUgarit was nonetheless a significant player in the region, dissertation urartu. While regnal lengths and an absolute chronology for Ugarit are not yet available, dissertation urartu, the known order of kings and some firm synchronisms make it reasonably placeable in time.
The fall of Ugarit has been narrowed down to the range from the reign of Pharaoh Merneptah to the 8th year of Pharaoh Rameses III of Egypt. This is roughly the same time dissertation urartu Hattusa is dissertation urartu. The Early Iron Age 12th to 7th centuries BC.
While not subject to the long versus short dating issue, chronology in the Ancient Near East is not on a firm footing until the rise of the Neo-Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian rulers in their respective regions.
The dates, regnal lengths, and even the names of a number of rulers from that interim period are still unknown. To make matters worse, dissertation urartu, the few surviving records, such as the Synchronistic Chronicle, give conflicting data. After the fall of the Kassite dynasty of Babylon to Elampower in the region, and control of Babylon, swung to the city-state of Isin.
Assyria at this time was extremely weak, except during the reign of the powerful Assyrian ruler Tiglath-Pileser I. Other polities in the area had dissertation urartu to recover from the Bronze Age collapse, dissertation urartu. After the Middle Assyrian Kingdom there is an uncertain period in Assyrian history.
The current cornerstone of chronology for this time is the Assyrian King List which, unfortunately, conflicts with other records such as the Synchronised King List and the Babylonian King List, dissertation urartu.
In any event, the rulers of Assyria in this time were all fairly weak, except for Tiglath-Pileser I. Note too that this chronology is based on assumed synchronisms with Egypt in the previous period. The Assyrian empire rises to become the dominant power in the ancient Near East for over two centuries. This occurs despite the efforts of various other strong groups that existed in this period, including BabylonUrartuDamascusElamand Egypt. Babylon was under the direct control of Neo-Assyrian rulers or their appointed governors for much of this period.
Dissertation urartu times after Assurbanipal died BC dissertation urartu, see:. The Hellenistic period begins with the conquests of Alexander the Great in BC, dissertation urartu. From Wikipedia, dissertation urartu, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from Short chronology timeline. Chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age.
Main article: Ebla. Further information: Sumerian king list, dissertation urartu. Further information: Uruk. Further information: Akkad. Further information: Gutian dynasty of Sumer. Further information: Lagash. Main article: Third Dynasty of Ur. Further information: Isin. Further information: Larsa. Main article: First Babylonian dynasty.
Main article: Sealand Dynasty. Main article: Hittites. Further information: Bronze Age collapse. Main article: Kassites. Main article: Mitanni.
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The short chronology is one of the chronologies of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to – BC and the sack of Babylon to BC.. The absolute 2nd millennium BC dates resulting from these reference points have very little academic support, and have essentially been disproved by recent dendrochronology research Die Kimmerer oder Kimmerier (altgriechisch Κιμμέριοι, Kimmérioi; assyrisch Gimir-ri/Gimir-rai, Singular Gimir, biblisch Gomer) waren ein indogermanisches Reitervolk der Antike, welches nach griechischen Autoren wie Herodot ursprünglich am Kimmerischen Bosporus (die heutige Straße von Kertsch zwischen der Krim und Südrussland) und im nördlichen Kaukasus ansässig war Die Assyrer (assyr. Assūrāju) waren ein Volk, das im Altertum im mittleren und nördlichen Mesopotamien (dem heutigen Irak und Teilen der Türkei) lebte. Sie sind seit dem 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. am mittleren Tigris archäologisch nachgewiesen. Mehrfach schwangen sich die Assyrer zur Vorherrschaft über Nordmesopotamien und Nordsyrien auf
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