Public (such as through the media) and political discourse debating the relation between Islam, immigration, and violence against women is highly controversial in many Western countries. [] Many scholars [12] [] claim Shari'a law encourages domestic violence against women, when a husband suspects nushuz (disobedience, disloyalty Christians have held diverse views towards violence and non-violence through time. Currently and historically there have been four views and practices within Christianity toward violence and war: non-resistance, Christian pacifism, just war, and preventive war (Holy war, e.g., the Crusades). The early church in the Roman empire adopted a nonviolent stance when it came to war since imitating Jul 27, · Therefore, domestic violence is an issue that is under-discussed, yet extremely important. Every 1 in 4 women will be a victim of severe violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime. This means our mothers, sisters, grandmothers or even daughters can be victims of domestic violence
Islam and violence - Wikipedia
Christians have held diverse views towards violence and non-violence through time. Currently and essay on domestic violence against women there have been four views and practices within Christianity toward violence and war: non-resistance, Christian pacifismjust warand preventive war Holy war, e. The Bible includes several texts regarding and describing violence.
Leigh Gibson [ who? According to John Gagersuch an analysis risks advocating the views of the heresiarch Marcion of Sinope c. Mahatma Gandhi embraced the concept of nonviolence which he had found in both Indian Religions and the New Testament e, essay on domestic violence against women.
Sermon on the Mountwhich he then utilized in his strategy for social and political struggles. Denny Weaver, Professor Emeritus of Religion at Bluffton Universitysuggests that there are numerous evolving views on violence and nonviolence throughout the history of Christian theology, essay on domestic violence against women.
Miroslav Volf essay on domestic violence against women identified the intervention of a "new creation", as in the Second Essay on domestic violence against womenas a particular aspect of Christianity that generates violence.
Over the centuries, the seasons of Lent and Holy Week were, for the Jews essay on domestic violence against women, times of fear and trepidation. Muslims also associate the cross with violence; crusaders' rampages were undertaken under the sign of the cross. The statement attributed to Jesus " I come not to bring peace, but to bring a sword " has been interpreted by some as a call to arms for Christians. The bloody history of the tradition has provided disturbing images and violent conflict is vividly portrayed in the Bible.
This history and these biblical images have provided the raw material for theologically justifying the violence of contemporary Christian groups. For example, attacks on abortion clinics have been viewed not only as assaults on a practice that Christians regard as immoral, but also as skirmishes in a grand confrontation between forces of evil and good that has social and political implications.
Higher law has been used to justify violence by Christians. Historically, according to René Girard, many Christians embraced violence when it became the state religion of the Roman Empire : "Beginning with ConstantineChristianity triumphed at the level of the state and soon began to cloak with its authority persecutions similar to those in which the early Christians were victims.
The study of Christian participation in military service in the pre-Constantinian era has been highly contested and has generated a great deal of literature. Through most of the twentieth century, a consensus formed around Adolf von Harnack 's view that the early church was pacifist, that over the second and third centuries a growing accommodation with military service occurred, and by the time of Constantine a just war ethic had arisen.
This consensus was challenged mostly by the work of John Helgeland [26] in the s and s. He said that early Christians mostly opposed military service due to the Roman religion and rituals of the Roman army, and not because of killing. David Hunter has proposed that a "new consensus" has emerged including aspects from both Helgeland and Harnack's views. Hunter suggests that early Christians based their opposition to military service upon both their "aboherrence of Roman army religion" Helgeland's view and their opposition to bloodshood Harnack's view, essay on domestic violence against women.
Hunter notes that there is evidence that by the 2nd century Christian practices had started to diverge from the theological principles espoused in early Christian literature. Hunter's third point of the "new consensus" is the assertion that Augustinian just war theory reflects at least one pre-Constantinian view.
Finally, to these three points, Kreider added that Christian attitudes towards violence were likely varied in different geographic locations, essay on domestic violence against women, pointing out that pro-militarist views were stronger in border areas then they were in "heartland" areas more strongly aligned with the Empire, essay on domestic violence against women. There is little evidence concerning the extent of Christian participation in the military; generalizations are usually speculation.
Just war theory is a doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin [32] [33] studied by moral theologians, ethicists, and international policy makers, that holds that a conflict can and ought to meet the criteria of philosophical, religious or political justice, provided it follows certain conditions, essay on domestic violence against women.
The concept of justification for war under certain conditions goes back at least to Roman and Greek thinkers such as Cicero and Plato. In Ulrich Luz 's formulation; "After Constantine, the Christians too had a responsibility for war and peace.
Already Celsus asked bitterly whether Christians, by aloofness from society, wanted to increase the political power of wild and lawless barbarians. His question constituted a new actuality; from now on, Christians and churches had to choose between the testimony of the gospel, which included renunciation of violence, and responsible participation in political power, which was understood as an act of love toward the world. Just war theorists combine both a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary.
The criteria of the just war tradition act as an aid to determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just War theories are attempts "to distinguish between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces"; they attempt "to conceive of how the use of arms might be restrained, made more humane, and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice.
The just war tradition addresses the morality of the use of force in two parts: when it is right to resort to armed force the concern of jus ad bellum and what is acceptable in using such essay on domestic violence against women the concern of jus in bello.
Inat the Council of ClermontPope Urban II declared that some wars could be deemed as not only a bellum iustum "just war"but could, in certain cases, essay on domestic violence against women, rise to the level of a bellum sacrum holy war.
Hitherto a knight could obtain remission of sins only by giving up arms, but Urban invited him to gain forgiveness 'in and through the exercise of his martial skills'.
In the 12th century, Bernard of Clairvaux wrote: "'The knight of Christ may strike with confidence and die yet more confidently; for he serves Christ when he strikes, and saves himself when he falls When he inflicts death, it is to Christ's profit, and when he suffers death, it is his own gain.
Jonathan Riley-Smith writes. The consensus among Christians on the use of violence has changed radically since the crusades were fought. The just war theory prevailing for most of the last two centuries — that violence is an evil which can in certain situations be condoned as the lesser of evils — is relatively young. Although it has inherited some elements the criteria of legitimate authority, just cause, right intention from the older war theory that first evolved around a.
The Biblical account of Joshua and the Battle of Jericho was used by Oliver Cromwell to justify genocide against Catholics. The Inquisition is a group of institutions within the judicial system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy [49] The Spanish Inquisition is often cited in popular literature and history as an example of Catholic intolerance and repression.
Nevertheless, it is likely that the actual death toll was higher, keeping essay on domestic violence against women mind the data provided by Dedieu and García Cárcel for the tribunals of Toledo and Valenciarespectively. In the Portuguese Inquisition the major targets were those who had converted from Judaism to Catholicismthe Conversosalso known as New Christians or Marranoswere suspected of secretly practising Judaism.
Many of these were originally Spanish Jewswho had left Spain for Portugal. The number of victims is estimated to be around 40, The Goa Inquisition was the office of the Portuguese Essay on domestic violence against women acting in Portuguese Indiaand in the rest of the Portuguese Empire in Asia.
It was established inbriefly suppressed from —, and finally abolished essay on domestic violence against women Salomon and Rabbi Isaac S.
Sassoon state that between the Inquisition's beginning in and its temporary abolition insome 16, persons were brought to trial by the Inquisition. Of this number, it is known that 57 were sentenced to death and executed, and another 64 were burned in effigy this sentence was applied to those who had fled or died in prison; in the latter case, the remains were burned in a coffin at the same time as the effigy.
The Roman Inquisitionduring the essay on domestic violence against women half of the 16th century, was responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes relating to religious doctrine or alternate religious doctrine or alternate religious beliefs, essay on domestic violence against women. Out of 51, essay on domestic violence against women, — 75, cases judged by the Inquisition in Italy afteraround 1, resulted in a death sentence.
The period of witch trials in Early Modern Europe [59] was a widespread moral panic caused by the belief that malevolent Satanic witches were operating as an organized threat to Christendom from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The legal basis for some inquisitorial activity came from Pope Innocent IV 's papal bull Ad extirpanda ofwhich explicitly authorized and defined the appropriate circumstances for the use of torture by the Inquisition for eliciting confessions from heretics.
Thus the inquisitors generally knew what would be the fate of essay on domestic violence against women so remanded, and cannot be considered to have divorced the means of determining guilt from its effects. Except for the Papal Statesthe institution of the Inquisition was abolished in Europe in the early 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars and in the Americas, it was abolished after the Spanish American wars of independence.
The institution survived as part of the Roman Curiabut init was renamed the "Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office". Init was renamed the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
Christian terrorism comprises terrorist acts that are committed by groups or individuals who use Christian motivations or goals as a justification for their actions. As with other forms of religious terrorismChristian terrorists have relied on interpretations of the tenets of their faith — in this case, the Bible. Such groups have cited Old Testament and Essay on domestic violence against women Testament scriptures to justify violence and killing or to seek to bring about the " end times " which are described in the New Testament.
These interpretations are typically different from those of established Christian denominations. After the Constantinian shiftChristianity became entangled in government. While anthropologists have shown that throughout history the relationship between religion and politics has been complex, there is no doubt that religious institutions, including Christian ones, have been used coercively by governments, and that they have used coercion themselves.
He cites Jesus striking Paul during Paul's vision on the road to Damascus. He also cites the parable of the great banquet in Luke — Such short term pain for the sake of eternal salvation was an act of charity and love, in his view. Examples of forced conversion to Christianity include: the Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I[77] the forced conversion and violent assimilation of pagan tribes in medieval Europe, [78] the Inquisitionincluding its manifestations in GoaMexicoPortugaland Spainthe forced conversion of indigenous children in North America [79] and Australia [80].
Early Christianity variously opposed, accepted, or ignored slavery. Both the Old and New Testaments recognize the existence of the institution of slavery. The earliest surviving Christian teachings about slavery are from Paul the Apostle.
Paul did not renounce the institution of slavery, essay on domestic violence against women, though perhaps this was not for personal reasons similar to Aristotle.
He taught that Christian slaves ought to serve their masters wholeheartedly. Rather, Paul's discussion about the duties of Christian slaves and the responsibilities of Christian masters transforms the institution, even if it falls short of calling for slavery's outright abolition. In the ancient world the slave was a thing. Likewise, the master is responsible to God for how he treats his slave, who is ultimately God's property rather than his own.
This is another way of saying that the slave, no less than the master, has been made in God's image. As such, he possesses inestimable worth and great essay on domestic violence against women. He is to be treated properly. In such a framework slavery, even though it was still slavery, could never be the same type of institution that was imposed on non-Christians. It was this transformation which came from viewing all persons as being made in God's image that ultimately destroyed slavery.
Nearly all Christian leaders before the late 15th century recognised the institution of slavery, within specific Biblical limitations, as being consistent with Christian theology. Genesis —27the Curse of Hamsays: "Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. He also said, 'Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem. Later pseudo-scientific theories would be built around African skull shapes, dental structure, and body postures, in an attempt to find an unassailable argument—rooted in whatever the most persuasive contemporary idiom happened to be: law, theology, genealogy, or natural science—why one part of the human race should live in perpetual indebtedness to another.
Rodney Stark makes the argument in For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery[89] that Christianity helped to end slavery worldwide, as does Lamin Sanneh in Abolitionists Abroad, essay on domestic violence against women.
Modern-day Christians generally condemn slavery as wrong and contrary to God 's will. Only peripheral groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and other Christian hate groups which operate on the racist fringes of the Christian Reconstructionist and Christian Identity movements advocate the reinstitution of slavery. A strain of hostility among Christians towards Judaism and the Jewish people developed in the early years of Christianitypersisted over the ensuing centurieswas driven by numerous factors including theological differencesthe Christian drive for converts, [95] which is decreed by the Great Commissiona misunderstanding of Jewish beliefs and practices, essay on domestic violence against women, and a perceived Jewish hostility towards Christians.
These attitudes were reinforced in Christian preaching, art and popular teaching over the centuries which contained contempt for Jews. Modern Antisemitism has primarily been described as hatred against Jews as a race with its modern expression rooted in 18th century racial theorieswhile anti-Judaism is described as hostility towards the Jewish religionbut in Western Christianity it effectively merged into antisemitism during the 12th century.
Historian Roland Bainton described the early church as pacifist — a period that ended with the accession of Constantine.
Violence Against Women and the Law - David Richards - TEDxUConn
, time: 15:56Christianity and violence - Wikipedia
Christians have held diverse views towards violence and non-violence through time. Currently and historically there have been four views and practices within Christianity toward violence and war: non-resistance, Christian pacifism, just war, and preventive war (Holy war, e.g., the Crusades). The early church in the Roman empire adopted a nonviolent stance when it came to war since imitating Jan 04, · Statistic reveal that 49 of the world countries lack behind in laws protecting women rights in case of domestic violence and 39 have no law of inheritance for a girl child. There is a need to make urgent policy measures and necessary changes in laws to safeguard the interests of women. Women Empowerment Essay 7 ( Words) Introduction Jul 27, · Therefore, domestic violence is an issue that is under-discussed, yet extremely important. Every 1 in 4 women will be a victim of severe violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime. This means our mothers, sisters, grandmothers or even daughters can be victims of domestic violence
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