At our cheap essay writing service, you can be sure to get credible academic aid for a reasonable price, as the name of our website suggests. For years, we have been providing online custom writing assistance to students from countries all over the world, including the US, the UK, Australia, Canada, Italy, New Zealand, China, and Japan True, Michael (), An Energy Field More Intense Than War, Syracuse University Press, ISBN ; Further reading. Films about nonviolence, a table of over documentary and feature films about nonviolent action with additional resources Shop by department, purchase cars, fashion apparel, collectibles, sporting goods, cameras, baby items, and everything else on eBay, the world's online marketplace
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Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to one's self and others under every condition. It may be based on moral, religious or spiritual principles, but also the reasons for it may be purely strategic or pragmatic. Nonviolence has "active" or "activist" elements, college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason, in that believers generally accept the need for nonviolence as a means to achieve political and social change. Thus, for example, Tolstoyan and Gandhism non violence is both a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of violencebut at the same time it sees nonviolent action also called civil resistance as an alternative to passive acceptance of oppression or armed struggle against it.
In general, advocates of an activist philosophy of nonviolence use diverse methods in their campaigns for social change, including critical forms of education and persuasion, mass noncooperation, civil disobediencenonviolent direct actionand social, political, cultural and economic forms of intervention. In modern times, nonviolent methods have been a powerful tool for social protest and revolutionary social and political change.
Fuller surveys may be found in the entries on civil resistancenonviolent resistance and nonviolent revolution. Here certain movements which were particularly influenced by a philosophy of nonviolence should be mentioned, including Mahatma Gandhi 's leadership of a successful decades-long nonviolent struggle for Indian independenceMartin Luther King Jr. The term "nonviolence" is often linked with peace or it is used as a synonym for it, and despite the fact that it is frequently equated with passivity and pacifismthis equation is rejected by nonviolent advocates and activists.
Sometimes nonviolence is passive, and other times it isn't. For example, if a house is burning down with mice or insects in it, the most harmless appropriate action is to put the fire out, not to sit by and passively let the fire burn.
At times there is confusion and contradiction about nonviolence, harmlessness and passivity. A confused person may advocate nonviolence in a specific context while advocating violence in other contexts.
For example, someone who passionately opposes abortion or meat eating may concurrently advocate violence to kill an abortionist or attack a slaughterhouse, which makes that person a violent person. Indeed, it is a weapon unique in history, which cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it.
Mahatma Gandhi was of the view:. No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahimsa so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism. College application essay service 4th edition by michael mason and when the benevolent principle of Ahimsa or non-violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond.
Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Lord Mahavira is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahimsa. Nonviolence or ahimsa is one of the cardinal virtues [14] and an important tenet of JainismHinduism and Buddhism. It is a multidimensional concept, [15] inspired by the premise that all living beings have the spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being is to hurt oneself.
It has also been related to the notion that any violence has karmic consequences. While ancient scholars of Hinduism pioneered and over time perfected the principles of ahimsathe concept reached an extraordinary status in the college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason philosophy of Jainism. Advocates of nonviolent action believe cooperation and consent are the roots of civil or political power: all regimes, including bureaucratic institutions, financial institutions, and the armed segments of society such as the military and police ; depend on compliance from citizens.
The forms of nonviolence draw inspiration from both religious or ethical beliefs and political analysis. Religious or ethically based nonviolence is sometimes referred to as principled, philosophical, or ethical nonviolence, while nonviolence based on political analysis is often referred to as tactical, strategic, or pragmatic nonviolent action. Commonly, both of these dimensions may be present within the thinking of particular movements or individuals.
The fundamental concept of pragmatic tactical or strategic nonviolent action is to create a social dynamic or political movement that can create a national or international dialogue which effects social change without necessarily winning over those who wish to maintain the status quo.
Nicolas Walter noted the idea that nonviolence might work "runs under the surface of Western political thought without ever quite disappearing". Shelley's The Masque of Anarchy contain arguments for resisting tyranny without using violence, college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason. In modern industrial democracies, nonviolent action has been used extensively by political sectors without mainstream political power such as labor, peace, environment and women's movements.
Lesser known is the role that nonviolent action has played and continues to play in undermining the power of repressive political regimes in the developing world and the former eastern bloc. Susan Ives emphasizes this point by quoting Walter Wink :. If we add all the countries touched by major nonviolent actions in our century the Philippines, South Africa the independence movement in India All this in the teeth of the assertion, endlessly repeated, that nonviolence doesn't work in the 'real' world.
As a technique for social struggle, nonviolent action has been described as "the politics of ordinary people", reflecting its historically mass-based use by populations throughout the world and history. Movements most often associated with nonviolence are the non-cooperation campaign for Indian independence led by Mahatma Gandhithe Civil Rights Movement in the United Statesand the People Power Revolution in the Philippines.
Also of primary significance is the notion that just means are the most likely to lead to just ends. When Gandhi said that "the means may be likened to the seed, the end to a tree," he expressed the philosophical kernel of what some refer to as prefigurative politics. Martin Luther King Jr. They would argue, for instance, that it is fundamentally irrational to use violence to achieve a peaceful society. Respect or love for opponents also has a pragmatic justification, in that the technique of separating the deeds from the doers allows for the possibility of the doers changing their behaviour, and perhaps their beliefs.
wrote, "Nonviolent resistance avoids not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. The nonviolent resister not only refuses to shoot his opponent, but he also refuses to hate him. Finally, the notion of Satyaor Truth, is central to the Gandhian conception of nonviolence, college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason.
Gandhi saw Truth as something that is multifaceted and unable to be grasped in its entirety by any one individual. This led him to believe in the inherent worth of dialogue with opponents, in order to understand motivations.
On a practical level, the willingness to listen to another's point of view is largely dependent on reciprocity. In order to be heard by one's opponents, one must also be prepared to listen. Nonviolence has obtained a level of institutional recognition and endorsement at the global level. On November 10,the United Nations General Assembly college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason the first decade of the 21st century and the third millennium, the years toas the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World.
For many, college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason, practicing nonviolence goes deeper than abstaining from violent behavior or words. It means overriding the impulse to be hateful and holding love for everyone, even those with whom one strongly disagrees. In this view, because violence is learned, college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason, it is necessary to unlearn violence by practicing love and compassion at every possible opportunity.
For some, the commitment to non-violence entails a belief in restorative or transformative justicean abolition of the death penalty and other harsh punishments. This may involve the necessity of caring for those who are violent. Nonviolence, for many, involves a respect and reverence for all sentientand perhaps even non-sentient, beings.
This might include abolitionism against animals as college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason, the practice of not eating animal products or by-products vegetarianism or veganismspiritual practices of non-harm to all beings, and caring for the rights of all beings.
Mahatma GandhiJames Beveland other nonviolent proponents advocated vegetarianism as part of their nonviolent philosophy, college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason. Buddhists extend this respect for life to animalsplantsand even mineralswhile Jainism extend this college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason for life to animalsplants and even small organisms such as insects.
The Semai ethnic group living in the center of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia are known for their nonviolence. It has been suggested that the Semai's non-violence is a response to historic threats from slaving states; as the Semai were constantly defeated by slavers and Malaysian immigrants, they preferred to flee rather than fight and college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason evolved into a general norm of non-violence.
Ahimsa as an ethical concept evolved in Vedic texts. Over time, the Hindu scripts revise ritual practices and the concept of Ahimsa is increasingly refined and emphasised, ultimately Ahimsa becomes the highest virtue by the late Vedic era about BC.
For example, hymn The term Ahimsa appears in the text Taittiriya Shakha of the Yajurveda TS 5. Bowker states the word appears but is uncommon in the principal Upanishads. The Chāndogya Upaniṣaddated to the 8th or 7th century BCE, one of the oldest Upanishadshas the earliest evidence for the Vedic era use of the word Ahimsa in the sense familiar in Hinduism a code of conduct.
It bars violence against "all creatures" sarvabhuta and the practitioner of Ahimsa is said to escape from the cycle of rebirths CU 8. The Sandilya Upanishad lists ten forbearances: AhimsaSatya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Daya, Arjava, Kshama, Dhriti, Mitahara and Saucha. It literally means 'non-injury' and 'non-killing'. It implies the total avoidance of harming of any kind of living creatures not only by deeds, but also by words and in thoughts.
The Mahabharataone of the epics of Hinduism, has multiple mentions of the phrase Ahimsa Paramo Dharma अहिंसा परमॊ धर्मःwhich literally means: non-violence is the highest moral virtue. For example, Mahaprasthanika Parva has the verse: [48]. अहिंसा परमॊ धर्मस तथाहिंसा परॊ दमः। अहिंसा परमं दानम अहिंसा परमस तपः। अहिंसा परमॊ यज्ञस तथाहिस्मा परं बलम। अहिंसा परमं मित्रम अहिंसा परमं सुखम। अहिंसा परमं सत्यम अहिंसा परमं शरुतम॥.
The above passage from Mahabharata emphasises the cardinal importance of Ahimsa in Hinduism, and literally means: Ahimsa is the highest virtueAhimsa is the highest self-control, Ahimsa is the greatest gift, Ahimsa is the best suffering, Ahimsa is the highest sacrifice, Ahimsa is the finest strength, Ahimsa is the greatest friend, Ahimsa is the greatest happiness, Ahimsa is the highest truth, and Ahimsa is the greatest teaching.
The Bhagavad Gitaamong other things, discusses the doubts and questions about appropriate response when one faces systematic violence or war. These verses develop the concepts of lawful violence in self-defence and the theories of just war.
However, there is no consensus on this interpretation. Gandhi, for example, considers this college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason about nonviolence and lawful violence as a mere metaphor for the internal war within each human being, when he or she faces moral questions.
The classical texts of Hinduism devote numerous chapters discussing what people who practice the virtue of Ahimsa, can and must do when they are faced with war, violent threat or need to sentence someone convicted of a crime.
These discussions have led to theories of just war, theories of reasonable self-defence and theories of proportionate punishment. The precepts of Ahimsa under Hinduism require that war must be avoided, with sincere and truthful dialogue. Force must be the last resort. If war becomes necessary, its cause must be just, its purpose virtuous, its objective to restrain the wicked, its aim peace, its method lawful.
Weapons used must be proportionate to the opponent and the aim of war, not indiscriminate tools of destruction. Warriors must use judgment in the battlefield. Cruelty to the opponent during war is forbidden, college application essay service 4th edition by michael mason. Wounded, unarmed opponent warriors must not be attacked or killed, they must be brought to your realm and given medical treatment. While the war is in progress, sincere dialogue for peace must continue.
In matters of self-defence, different interpretations of ancient Hindu texts have been offered. For example, Tähtinen suggests self-defence is appropriate, criminals are not protected by the rule of Ahimsa, and Hindu scriptures support the use of violence against an armed attacker.
Alternate theories of self-defence, inspired by Ahimsa, build principles similar to theories of just war. Aikidopioneered in Japan, illustrates one such principles of self-defence. Morihei Ueshibathe founder of Aikido, described his inspiration as Ahimsa. One must presume that some people will, out of ignorance, error or fear, attack other persons or intrude into their space, physically or verbally.
The aim of self-defence, suggested Ueshiba, must be to neutralise the aggression of the attacker, and avoid the conflict.
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