Jun 28, · The majority of victims in active sex trafficking cases in were targeted with a fraudulent job offer, the report notes, followed by feigned romance, CBSN details. This was We even have an urgent delivery option for short essays, term papers, or research papers needed within 8 to 24 hours. We appreciate that you have chosen our cheap essay service, and will provide you with high-quality and low-cost custom essays, research papers, term papers, speeches, book reports, and other academic assignments for sale Around the world, the sex trafficking of boys and men continues to be hidden and underreported, and there is a severe shortage of programs to meet their needs. For example, reports have documented boys sold into sex trafficking in Afghanistan, including for bacha baazi, where men use young boys for social and sexual entertainment. In the United
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Sex-selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based upon the predicted sex of the infant, sex trafficking essays. The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common where male children are valued over female children, especially in parts of East Asia and South Asia particularly in countries such as People's Republic of ChinaIndia and Pakistanas well as in the CaucasusWestern Balkansand to a lesser extent North America.
Sex selective abortion was first documented in[4] and became commonplace by the late s in South Korea and China and around the same time or slightly later in India.
Sex-selective abortion affects the human sex ratio —the relative number of males to females in a given age group, [5] [6] with China and India, sex trafficking essays, the two most populous countries of the world, having unbalanced gender ratios. Studies and reports focusing on sex-selective abortion are predominantly statistical; they assume that birth sex ratio—the overall ratio of boys and girls at birth—for a regional population is an indicator of sex-selective abortion.
This assumption has been questioned by some scholars. According to demographic scholarship, the expected birth sex ratio range is to males to females at birth. Sex-selective abortion affects the human sex ratio —the relative number of males to females in a given age group.
The natural human sex ratio at birth was estimated, in a study, sex trafficking essays, to be close to boys to girls.
Countries considered sex trafficking essays have significant practices of sex-selective abortion are those with birth sex ratios of and above selective abortion of femalesand and below selective abortion of males. One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal — range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion. These scholars [13] claim sex trafficking essays both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.
Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.
Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex. Sen sex trafficking essays 'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia if it had the same ratio of women to men sex trafficking essays Europe and United States. Other scholars question whether birth sex ratio outside — can be due to natural reasons.
William James and others [7] [16] suggest that conventional assumptions have been:. James cautions that available scientific evidence stands against the above assumptions and conclusions. He reports that there is an excess of males at birth in almost all human populations, sex trafficking essays, and the natural sex ratio at birth is usually between and However the ratio may deviate significantly from this range for natural reasons such as early marriage and fertility, teenage mothers, average maternal age at birth, paternal age, age gap between father and mother, late births, ethnicity, social and economic stress, warfare, environmental and hormonal effects.
James' hypothesis is supported by historical birth sex ratio data before technologies for ultrasonographic sex-screening were discovered and commercialized in the s and s, sex trafficking essays, as well by reverse abnormal sex ratios currently observed in Africa. Michel Garenne reports that many African nations have, over decades, witnessed birth sex ratios belowthat is more girls are born than boys, sex trafficking essays.
John Graunt noted that in London over a year period in the 17th century —62[22] the birth sex ratio was 1. For example, Jiang et al. claim that the birth sex trafficking essays ratio in China was — over a year period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; in the — range in the early 20th century; falling to in the s, sex trafficking essays. In the United States, the sex ratios at birth over the period — were for the white non-Hispanic population, for Mexican Americans, for African Americans and Native Americans, and for mothers of Chinese or Filipino ethnicity.
In a study, U. Department of Health and Human Services reported sex ratio at birth in the United States from over 62 years. For mothers having babies after the first, this ratio consistently decreased with each additional baby from towards The age of the mother affected the ratio: the overall ratio was for mothers aged 25 to 35 at the time of birth; while mothers who were below the age of 15 or above 40 had babies with a sex ratio ranging between 94 andand a total sex ratio of This United States study also noted that American mothers of Hawaiian, sex trafficking essays, Filipino, Chinese, Cuban and Japanese ethnicity had the highest sex ratio, with years as high as and average sex ratio of over the year study period, sex trafficking essays.
Outside of United States, European nations with extensive birth records, such as Finland, report similar variations in birth sex ratios over a year period, that is from to AD. Inaccording to CIA estimates, [33] the countries with the highest birth sex ratio were LiechtensteinNorthern Mariana IslandsChinaArmeniaFalkland IslandsIndiasex trafficking essays, GrenadaHong KongVietnamAlbaniasex trafficking essays, AzerbaijanSan MarinoIsle of ManKosovo and Macedonia Also in the lowest ratio i.
more girls born was in Nauru at 0. There is controversy about the notion of the exact natural sex ratio at birth. In a study aroundthe natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be close to 1. The claims that unbalanced sex ratios are necessary due to sex selection have been questioned by some researchers. In addition, in many developing countries there are problems with birth registration and data collection, which can complicate the issue.
For example, Liechtenstein sex trafficking essays sex ratio is far worse than that of those sex trafficking essays, but little has been discussed about it, and virtually no suggestions have been made that it may practice sex selection, although it is a very conservative country where women could not vote until The estimates for birth sex ratios, sex trafficking essays, and thus derived sex-selective abortion, are a subject of dispute as well. For example, United States' CIA projects [39] the birth sex ratio for Switzerland to bewhile the Switzerland's Federal Statistical Office that tracks actual live births of boys and girls every year, reports the latest birth sex ratio for Switzerland sex trafficking essays The two most studied nations sex trafficking essays high sex ratio and sex trafficking essays abortion are China and India.
The CIA estimates [39] a birth sex ratio of for both in recent years. However, The World Bank claims the birth sex ratio for China in was boys for every girls; [44] while United Nations FPA estimates China's birth sex ratio to be For India, the United Nations FPA claims a birth sex ratio of over —10 period, [45] while The World Bank and India's official Census reports a birth sex ratio of The earliest post-implantation test, cell free fetal DNA testing, involves taking a blood sample from the mother and isolating the small amount of fetal DNA that can sex trafficking essays found within it.
Obstetric ultrasonographyeither transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex. It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy.
The most invasive measures are chorionic villus sampling CVS and amniocentesiswhich involve testing of the chorionic villus found in the placenta and amniotic fluidsex trafficking essays, respectively. Both techniques typically test for chromosomal disorders but can also reveal the sex of the child and are performed early in the pregnancy.
However, sex trafficking essays, they are often more expensive and more dangerous than blood sampling or ultrasonography, so they are seen less frequently than other sex determination techniques, sex trafficking essays. Prenatal sex determination is restricted in many countries, and so is the communication of the sex of the fetus to the pregnant woman or her family, in order to prevent sex selective abortion.
In India, prenatal sex determination is regulated under the Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Sex trafficking essays Prohibition of Sex Selection Act China launched its first ultrasonography machine in Sex trafficking essaysChinese companies were producing 5, ultrasonography machines per year. Almost every rural and urban hospital and family planning clinics in China had a good quality sex discernment equipment by The launch of ultrasonography technology in India too occurred inbut its expansion was slower than China.
Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in the s, its use expanded in India's urban sex trafficking essays in the s, and became widespread in the s. The exact prevalence of sex-selective abortion is uncertain, with the practice taking place in some societies as an open secretwithout formal data on its frequency.
Some authors argue that it is quite difficult to explain why this practice takes place in some cultures and not others, and that sex-selective abortion cannot be explained merely by patriarchal social norms, because most societies are male dominated, but only a minority practice sex-selective abortion.
Sex selective abortion based on son preference is significant in North Africa and the Middle East. The vast majority of sex-selective abortions take place in China and Indiawith China, the most populous country in the sex trafficking essays, has a serious problem with an unbalanced sex ratio population.
A BBC article stated that the sex birth ratio was boys born per girls, which rose to boys per girls in some rural areas. The one child policy was enforced throughout the years, including through forced abortions and forced sterilizationsbut gradually loosened until it was formally abolished in When sex ratio began being studied in China init was still within the normal range.
However, it climbed to According to Zeng et al. These illegal births have led to underreporting of female infants, sex trafficking essays. Zeng et al. Adjusting for unreported illegal births, they conclude that the corrected Chinese sex ratio at birth for was sex trafficking essays than For example, in AnhuiJiangxiShaanxiHunan and Guangdonghad a sex ratio at birth of more than Traditional Chinese techniques have been used to determine sex for hundreds of years, primarily with unknown accuracy, sex trafficking essays.
It was not until ultrasonography became widely available in urban and rural China that sex was able to be determined scientifically. Inthe Ministry of Health posted the Notice on Forbidding Prenatal Sex Determination, but it was not widely followed.
Hardy, Gu, and Xie suggest sex-selective abortion is more prevalent in rural China because son preference is much stronger there. This is sex trafficking essays due to the belief that, while sons are always part of the family, daughters are only temporary, going to a new family when they marry. Additionally, if a woman's firstborn child is a son, her position in society moves up, while the same is not true of a firstborn daughter.
In a study, Zhu, Lu, and Hesketh found that the highest sex sex trafficking essays was for those ages 1—4, and two provinces, Tibet and Xinjiang, had sex ratios within normal limits.
Two other provinces had a ratio oversex trafficking essays, four had ratios between —, and seven had ratios between —, each of which is significantly higher than the natural sex ratio. The birth sex ratio in China, according to a news report, has decreased to males born for every females. India's census revealed a national 0—6 age child sex ratio ofwhich increased to according to census girls per boys and girls per boys respectively, compared to expected normal ratio of girls per boys.
Sex trafficking essays child sex ratio in India shows a regional pattern. The Indian census data suggests there is a positive correlation between abnormal sex ratio and better socio-economic status and literacy. Urban India has higher child sex ratio than rural India according toand Census data, implying higher prevalence of sex selective abortion in urban India.
Similarly, child sex ratio greater than boys per girls is found in regions where the predominant majority is Hindu, Muslim, Sikh or Christian; furthermore "normal" child sex ratio of to boys per girls are also found in regions where the predominant majority is Hindu, Muslim, Sikh or Christian.
These data contradict any hypotheses that may suggest that sex selection is an archaic practice which takes place among uneducated, poor sections or particular religion of the Indian society.
Rutherford and Roy, sex trafficking essays, in their paper, suggest that techniques for determining sex prenatally that were pioneered in the s, gained popularity in India. Such prenatal sex determination techniques, claim Sudha and Rajan in a report, where available, favored male births. Arnold, sex trafficking essays, Kishor, and Roy, in their paper, too hypothesize that modern fetal sex screening techniques have skewed child sex ratios in India. The Indian government and various advocacy groups have continued the debate and discussion about ways to prevent sex selection.
The immorality of prenatal sex selection has been questioned, with some arguments in favor of prenatal discrimination as more humane than postnatal discrimination by a family that does not want a female child. Others question whether the morality of sex selective abortion is any different over morality of abortion when there is no risk to the mother nor to the fetus, and abortion is used as a means to end an unwanted pregnancy.
India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act sex trafficking essaysmaking abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother sex trafficking essays rape. The law also established physicians who can legally provide the procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate sex selective abortion based on technology advances. With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act PNDT in This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Regulation and Prevention of Misuse PCPNDT Act in to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and sex selective abortion, sex trafficking essays.
The impact of the law sex trafficking essays its enforcement is unclear.
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Jun 29, · Essays; Podcasts & Video Harris County Precinct 1 deputy constables assigned to fight human trafficking had been exploited and with the hope of convincing escorts to agree to sex Trafficking, forced marriage and sex work. Some scholars argue that as the proportion of women to men decreases globally, there will be an increase in trafficking and sex work (both forced and self-elected), as many men will be willing to do more to obtain a sexual partner (Junhong ) We even have an urgent delivery option for short essays, term papers, or research papers needed within 8 to 24 hours. We appreciate that you have chosen our cheap essay service, and will provide you with high-quality and low-cost custom essays, research papers, term papers, speeches, book reports, and other academic assignments for sale
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